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<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="const_cast.html" title="cpp/language/const cast"><tt>const_cast</tt></a> - <a href="reinterpret_cast.html" title="cpp/language/reinterpret cast"><tt>reinterpret_cast</tt></a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> Memory allocation</td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-col-table"><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="new.html" title="cpp/language/new"> <code>new</code> expression</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="delete.html" title="cpp/language/delete"> <code>delete</code> expression</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h1"><td colspan="5"> <a href="classes.html" title="cpp/language/classes"> Classes</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-col-table"><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="class.html" title="cpp/language/class"> Class declaration</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="initializer_list.html" title="cpp/language/constructor"> Constructors</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="this.html" title="cpp/language/this"> <code>this</code> pointer</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="access.html" title="cpp/language/access"> Access specifiers</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="friend.html" title="cpp/language/friend"> <code>friend</code> specifier</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> Class-specific function properties</td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-col-table"><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="virtual.html" title="cpp/language/virtual"> Virtual function</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="override.html" title="cpp/language/override"> <code>override</code> specifier</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="final.html" title="cpp/language/final"> <code>final</code> specifier</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
</table></div></td><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="explicit.html" title="cpp/language/explicit"><tt>explicit</tt></a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="static.html" title="cpp/language/static"><tt>static</tt></a> </td></tr>
</table></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> Special member functions</td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-col-table"><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="default_constructor.html" title="cpp/language/default constructor"> Default constructor</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="copy_constructor.html" title="cpp/language/copy constructor"> Copy constructor</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="move_constructor.html" title="cpp/language/move constructor"> Move constructor</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
</table></div></td><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="as_operator.html" title="cpp/language/as operator" class="mw-redirect"> Copy assignment</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="move_operator.html" title="cpp/language/move operator" class="mw-redirect"> Move assignment</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="destructor.html" title="cpp/language/destructor"> Destructor</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h1"><td colspan="5"><a href="templates.html" title="cpp/language/templates"> Templates</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-col-table"><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="class_template.html" title="cpp/language/class template"> Class template </a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="function_template.html" title="cpp/language/function template"> Function template </a></td></tr>
</table></div></td><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="template_specialization.html" title="cpp/language/template specialization"> Template specialization</a></td></tr>   
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="parameter_pack.html" title="cpp/language/parameter pack"> Parameter packs</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
</table></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h1"><td colspan="5"> Miscellaneous </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-col-table"><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="asm.html" title="cpp/language/asm"> Inline assembly</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="history.html" title="cpp/language/history"> History of C++</a></td></tr>
</table></div></td></tr>
</table></div>
</div><div></div></div></div></div><div class="t-navbar-sep"> </div><div class="t-navbar-head"><a href="expressions.html" title="cpp/language/expressions"> Expressions</a><div class="t-navbar-menu"><div><div style="display:inline-block">
<div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> General </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="value_category.html" title="cpp/language/value category"> value categories</a> (lvalue, rvalue, xvalue)</td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="eval_order.html" title="cpp/language/eval order"> order of evaluation</a> (sequence points)</td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="constant_expression.html" title="cpp/language/constant expression"> constant expressions</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="expressions.html#Unevaluated_expressions" title="cpp/language/expressions"> unevaluated expressions</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="expressions.html#Primary_expressions" title="cpp/language/expressions"> primary expressions</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="lambda.html" title="cpp/language/lambda">lambda-expression</a><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> Literals </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="integer_literal.html" title="cpp/language/integer literal">integer literals</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="floating_literal.html" title="cpp/language/floating literal">floating-point literals</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="bool_literal.html" title="cpp/language/bool literal">boolean literals</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="character_literal.html" title="cpp/language/character literal">character literals</a> including <a href="escape.html" title="cpp/language/escape">escape sequences</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="string_literal.html" title="cpp/language/string literal">string literals</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="nullptr.html" title="cpp/language/nullptr">null pointer literal</a><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="user_literal.html" title="cpp/language/user literal">user-defined literal</a><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> Operators </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_assignment.html" title="cpp/language/operator assignment"> Assignment operators</a>: 
<code>a=b</code>, <code>a+=b</code>, <code>a-=b</code>, <code>a*=b</code>, <code>a/=b</code>, <code>a%=b</code>, <code>a&amp;=b</code>, <code>a|=b</code>, <code>a^=b</code>, <code>a&lt;&lt;=b</code>, <code>a&gt;&gt;=b</code></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_incdec.html" title="cpp/language/operator incdec"> Increment and decrement</a>: <code>++a</code>, <code>--a</code>, <code>a++</code>, <code>a--</code></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_arithmetic.html" title="cpp/language/operator arithmetic"> Arithmetic operators</a>:
<code>+a</code>, <code>-a</code>, <code>a+b</code>, <code>a-b</code>, <code>a*b</code>, <code>a/b</code>, <code>a%b</code>, <code>~a</code>, <code>a&amp;b</code>, <code>a|b</code>, <code>a^b</code>, <code>a&lt;&lt;b</code>, <code>a&gt;&gt;b</code> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_logical.html" title="cpp/language/operator logical"> Logical operators</a>: <code>a||b</code>, <code>a&amp;&amp;b</code>, <code>!a</code></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_comparison.html" title="cpp/language/operator comparison"> Comparison operators</a>: <code>a==b</code>, <code>a!=b</code>, <code>a&lt;b</code>, <code>a&gt;b</code>, <code>a&lt;=b</code>, <code>a&gt;=b</code>, <code>a&lt;=&gt;b</code><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(C++20)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_member_access.html" title="cpp/language/operator member access"> Member access operators</a>: <code>a[b]</code>, <code>*a</code>, <code>&amp;a</code>, <code>a-&gt;b</code>, <code>a.b</code>, <code>a-&gt;*b</code>, <code>a.*b</code></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_other.html" title="cpp/language/operator other"> Other operators</a>: <code>a(...)</code>, <code>a,b</code>, <code>a?b:c</code> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="new.html" title="cpp/language/new">new-expression</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="delete.html" title="cpp/language/delete">delete-expression</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="throw.html" title="cpp/language/throw">throw-expression</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="alignof.html" title="cpp/language/alignof"><code>alignof</code></a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="sizeof.html" title="cpp/language/sizeof"><code>sizeof</code></a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="sizeof....html" title="cpp/language/sizeof..."><code>sizeof...</code></a><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="typeid.html" title="cpp/language/typeid"><code>typeid</code></a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="noexcept.html" title="cpp/language/noexcept"><code>noexcept</code></a><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="fold.html" title="cpp/language/fold">Fold expression</a><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx17">(C++17)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operator_alternative.html" title="cpp/language/operator alternative">Alternative representations of operators</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <strong class="selflink">Precedence and associativity</strong></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="operators.html" title="cpp/language/operators">Operator overloading</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="default_comparisons.html" title="cpp/language/default comparisons">Default comparisons</a><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(C++20)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> Conversions </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="implicit_cast.html" title="cpp/language/implicit conversion">Implicit conversions</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="const_cast.html" title="cpp/language/const cast"><code>const_cast</code></a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="static_cast.html" title="cpp/language/static cast"><code>static_cast</code></a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="reinterpret_cast.html" title="cpp/language/reinterpret cast"><code>reinterpret_cast</code></a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="dynamic_cast.html" title="cpp/language/dynamic cast"><code>dynamic_cast</code></a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="explicit_cast.html" title="cpp/language/explicit cast">Explicit conversions</a> <code>(T)a</code>, <code>T(a)</code></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="cast_operator.html" title="cpp/language/cast operator">User-defined conversion</a></td></tr>
</table></div>
</div><div></div></div></div></div><div class="t-navbar-sep"> </div></div>
<p>The following table lists the precedence and associativity of C++ operators. Operators are listed top to bottom, in descending precedence. 
</p>
<table class="wikitable">

<tr>
<th style="text-align: left"> Precedence
</th>
<th style="text-align: left"> Operator
</th>
<th style="text-align: left"> Description
</th>
<th style="text-align: left"> Associativity
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th> 1
</th>
<td> <code>::</code>
</td>
<td> <a href="name.html#Qualified_identifiers" title="cpp/language/identifiers">Scope resolution</a>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top" rowspan="6"> Left-to-right ➔
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="5"> 2
</th>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none"> <code>a++</code>   <code>a--</code>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none"> Suffix/postfix <a href="operator_incdec.html" title="cpp/language/operator incdec">increment and decrement</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <code><i>type</i>()</code>   <code><i>type</i>{} </code>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <a href="explicit_cast.html" title="cpp/language/explicit cast">Functional cast</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <code>a()</code>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <a href="operator_other.html#Built-in_function_call_operator" title="cpp/language/operator other">Function call</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <code>a[]</code>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <a href="operator_member_access.html#Built-in_subscript_operator" title="cpp/language/operator member access">Subscript</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <code>.</code>   <code>-&gt;</code>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <a href="operator_member_access.html#Built-in_member_access_operators" title="cpp/language/operator member access">Member access</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="10"> 3
</th>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none"> <code>++a</code>   <code>--a</code>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none"> Prefix <a href="operator_incdec.html" title="cpp/language/operator incdec">increment and decrement</a>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top" rowspan="10"> Right-to-left ←
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <code>+a</code>   <code>-a</code>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> Unary <a href="operator_arithmetic.html#Unary_arithmetic_operators" title="cpp/language/operator arithmetic">plus and minus</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <code>!</code>   <code>~</code>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <a href="operator_logical.html" title="cpp/language/operator logical">Logical NOT</a> and <a href="operator_arithmetic.html#Bitwise_logic_operators" title="cpp/language/operator arithmetic">bitwise NOT</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <code>(<i>type</i>)</code>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <a href="explicit_cast.html" title="cpp/language/explicit cast">C-style cast</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <code>*a</code>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <a href="operator_member_access.html#Built-in_indirection_operator" title="cpp/language/operator member access">Indirection</a> (dereference)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <code>&amp;a</code>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <a href="operator_member_access.html#Built-in_address-of_operator" title="cpp/language/operator member access">Address-of</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <a href="sizeof.html" title="cpp/language/sizeof"><code>sizeof</code></a>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <a href="sizeof.html" title="cpp/language/sizeof">Size-of</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="operator_precedence.html#cite_note-1">[note 1]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <a href="../keyword/co_await.html" title="cpp/keyword/co await"><tt>co_await</tt></a>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <a href="coroutines.html" title="cpp/language/coroutines">await-expression</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(C++20)</span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <a href="new.html" title="cpp/language/new"><code>new</code></a>   <a href="new.html" title="cpp/language/new"><code>new[]</code></a>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <a href="new.html" title="cpp/language/new">Dynamic memory allocation</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top-style: none"> <a href="delete.html" title="cpp/language/delete"><code>delete</code></a>   <a href="delete.html" title="cpp/language/delete"><code>delete[]</code></a>
</td>
<td style="border-top-style: none"> <a href="delete.html" title="cpp/language/delete">Dynamic memory deallocation</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th> 4
</th>
<td> <code>.*</code>   <code>-&gt;*</code>
</td>
<td> <a href="operator_member_access.html#Built-in_pointer-to-member_access_operators" title="cpp/language/operator member access">Pointer-to-member</a>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top" rowspan="12"> Left-to-right ➔
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th> 5
</th>
<td> <code>a*b</code>   <code>a/b</code>   <code>a%b</code>
</td>
<td> <a href="operator_arithmetic.html#Multiplicative_operators" title="cpp/language/operator arithmetic">Multiplication, division, and remainder</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th> 6
</th>
<td> <code>a+b</code>   <code>a-b</code>
</td>
<td> <a href="operator_arithmetic.html#Additive_operators" title="cpp/language/operator arithmetic">Addition and subtraction</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th> 7
</th>
<td> <code>&lt;&lt;</code>   <code>&gt;&gt;</code>
</td>
<td> Bitwise <a href="operator_arithmetic.html#Bitwise_shift_operators" title="cpp/language/operator arithmetic">left shift and right shift</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th> 8
</th>
<td> <code>&lt;=&gt;</code>
</td>
<td> <a href="operator_comparison.html#Three-way_comparison" title="cpp/language/operator comparison">Three-way comparison operator</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(since C++20)</span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th> 9
</th>
<td> <code>&lt;</code>   <code>&lt;=</code>   <code>&gt;</code>   <code>&gt;=</code>
</td>
<td> For <a href="operator_comparison.html" title="cpp/language/operator comparison">relational operators</a> &lt; and ≤ and &gt; and ≥ respectively
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th> 10
</th>
<td> <code>==</code>   <code>!=</code>
</td>
<td> For <a href="operator_comparison.html" title="cpp/language/operator comparison">equality operators</a> = and ≠ respectively
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th> 11
</th>
<td> <code>a&amp;b</code>
</td>
<td> <a href="operator_arithmetic.html#Bitwise_logic_operators" title="cpp/language/operator arithmetic">Bitwise AND</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th> 12
</th>
<td> <code>^</code>
</td>
<td> <a href="operator_arithmetic.html#Bitwise_logic_operators" title="cpp/language/operator arithmetic">Bitwise XOR</a> (exclusive or)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th> 13
</th>
<td> <code>|</code>
</td>
<td> <a href="operator_arithmetic.html#Bitwise_logic_operators" title="cpp/language/operator arithmetic">Bitwise OR</a> (inclusive or)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th> 14
</th>
<td> <code>&amp;&amp;</code>
</td>
<td> <a href="operator_logical.html" title="cpp/language/operator logical">Logical AND</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th> 15
</th>
<td> <code>||</code>
</td>
<td> <a href="operator_logical.html" title="cpp/language/operator logical">Logical OR</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="8"> 16
</th>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none"> <code>a?b:c</code>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none"> <a href="operator_other.html#Conditional_operator" title="cpp/language/operator other">Ternary conditional</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="operator_precedence.html#cite_note-2">[note 2]</a></sup>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top" rowspan="8"> Right-to-left ←
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <a href="throw.html" title="cpp/language/throw"><code>throw</code></a>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <a href="throw.html" title="cpp/language/throw">throw operator</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <a href="../keyword/co_yield.html" title="cpp/keyword/co yield"><tt>co_yield</tt></a>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <a href="coroutines.html" title="cpp/language/coroutines">yield-expression</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx20">(C++20)</span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <code>=</code>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <a href="operator_assignment.html#Builtin_direct_assignment" title="cpp/language/operator assignment">Direct assignment</a> (provided by default for C++ classes)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <code>+=</code>   <code>-=</code>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <a href="operator_assignment.html#Builtin_compound_assignment" title="cpp/language/operator assignment">Compound assignment</a> by sum and difference
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <code>*=</code>   <code>/=</code>   <code>%=</code>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <a href="operator_assignment.html#Builtin_compound_assignment" title="cpp/language/operator assignment">Compound assignment</a> by product, quotient, and remainder
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <code>&lt;&lt;=</code>   <code>&gt;&gt;=</code>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <a href="operator_assignment.html#Builtin_compound_assignment" title="cpp/language/operator assignment">Compound assignment</a> by bitwise left shift and right shift
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top-style: none"> <code>&amp;=</code>   <code>^=</code>   <code>|=</code>
</td>
<td style="border-top-style: none"> <a href="operator_assignment.html#Builtin_compound_assignment" title="cpp/language/operator assignment">Compound assignment</a> by bitwise AND, XOR, and OR
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th> 17
</th>
<td> <code>,</code>
</td>
<td> <a href="operator_other.html#Built-in_comma_operator" title="cpp/language/operator other">Comma</a>
</td>
<td> Left-to-right ➔
</td></tr></table>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="operator_precedence.html#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">The operand of <code>sizeof</code> can't be a C-style type cast: the expression <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">sizeof <span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy2">*</span> p</span></span> is unambiguously interpreted as <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="br0">(</span>sizeof<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy2">*</span> p</span></span>, but not <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">sizeof<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy2">*</span>p<span class="br0">)</span></span></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="operator_precedence.html#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">The expression in the middle of the conditional operator (between <code><b>?</b></code> and <code><b>:</b></code>) is parsed as if parenthesized: its precedence relative to <code><b>?:</b></code> is ignored.</span>
</li>
</ol>
<p>When parsing an expression, an operator which is listed on some row of the table above with a precedence will be bound tighter (as if by parentheses) to its arguments than any operator that is listed on a row further below it with a lower precedence. For example, the expressions <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1762">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> a <span class="sy3">&amp;</span> b</span></span> and  <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="sy2">*</span>p<span class="sy2">++</span></span></span> are parsed as <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="br0">(</span><a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1762">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> a<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy3">&amp;</span> b</span></span> and <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="sy2">*</span><span class="br0">(</span>p<span class="sy2">++</span><span class="br0">)</span></span></span>, and not as <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1762">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="br0">(</span>a <span class="sy3">&amp;</span> b<span class="br0">)</span></span></span> or <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="br0">(</span><span class="sy2">*</span>p<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy2">++</span></span></span>.
</p><p>Operators that have the same precedence are bound to their arguments in the direction of their associativity. For example, the expression <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">a <span class="sy1">=</span> b <span class="sy1">=</span> c</span></span> is parsed as <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">a <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="br0">(</span>b <span class="sy1">=</span> c<span class="br0">)</span></span></span>, and not as <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="br0">(</span>a <span class="sy1">=</span> b<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy1">=</span> c</span></span> because of right-to-left associativity of assignment, but <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">a <span class="sy2">+</span> b <span class="sy2">-</span> c</span></span> is parsed <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="br0">(</span>a <span class="sy2">+</span> b<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy2">-</span> c</span></span> and not <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">a <span class="sy2">+</span> <span class="br0">(</span>b <span class="sy2">-</span> c<span class="br0">)</span></span></span> because of left-to-right associativity of addition and subtraction.
</p><p>Associativity specification is redundant for unary operators and is only shown for completeness: unary prefix operators always associate right-to-left (<span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">delete <span class="sy2">++*</span>p</span></span> is <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">delete<span class="br0">(</span><span class="sy2">++</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="sy2">*</span>p<span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">)</span></span></span>) and unary postfix operators always associate left-to-right (<span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">a<span class="br0">[</span><span class="nu0">1</span><span class="br0">]</span><span class="br0">[</span><span class="nu0">2</span><span class="br0">]</span><span class="sy2">++</span></span></span> is <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">(</span>a<span class="br0">[</span><span class="nu0">1</span><span class="br0">]</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">[</span><span class="nu0">2</span><span class="br0">]</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy2">++</span></span></span>). Note that the associativity is meaningful for member access operators, even though they are grouped with unary postfix operators: <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">a.<span class="me1">b</span><span class="sy2">++</span></span></span> is parsed <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="br0">(</span>a.<span class="me1">b</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy2">++</span></span></span> and not <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">a.<span class="br0">(</span>b<span class="sy2">++</span><span class="br0">)</span></span></span>.
</p><p>Operator precedence is unaffected by <a href="operators.html" title="cpp/language/operators">operator overloading</a>. For example, <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1762">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> a <span class="sy4">?</span> b <span class="sy4">:</span> c<span class="sy4">;</span></span></span> parses as <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="br0">(</span><a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1762">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> a<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy4">?</span> b <span class="sy4">:</span> c<span class="sy4">;</span></span></span> because the precedence of arithmetic left shift is higher than the conditional operator.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h3>
<p>Precedence and associativity are compile-time concepts and are independent from <a href="eval_order.html" title="cpp/language/eval order">order of evaluation</a>, which is a runtime concept.
</p><p>The standard itself doesn't specify precedence levels. They are derived from the grammar.
</p><p><a href="const_cast.html" title="cpp/language/const cast"><code>const_cast</code></a>, <a href="static_cast.html" title="cpp/language/static cast"><code>static_cast</code></a>, <a href="dynamic_cast.html" title="cpp/language/dynamic cast"><code>dynamic_cast</code></a>, <a href="reinterpret_cast.html" title="cpp/language/reinterpret cast"><code>reinterpret_cast</code></a>, <a href="typeid.html" title="cpp/language/typeid"><code>typeid</code></a>, <a href="sizeof....html" title="cpp/language/sizeof..."><code>sizeof...</code></a>, <a href="noexcept.html" title="cpp/language/noexcept"><code>noexcept</code></a> and <a href="alignof.html" title="cpp/language/alignof"><code>alignof</code></a> are not included since they are never ambiguous.
</p><p>Some of the operators have <a href="operator_alternative.html" title="cpp/language/operator alternative">alternate spellings</a> (e.g., <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">and</span></span> for <code>&amp;&amp;</code>, <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">or</span></span> for <code>||</code>, <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">not</span></span> for <code>!</code>, etc.).
</p><p>In C, the ternary conditional operator has higher precedence than assignment operators. Therefore, the expression <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">e <span class="sy1">=</span> a <span class="sy1">&lt;</span> d <span class="sy4">?</span> a<span class="sy2">++</span> <span class="sy4">:</span> a <span class="sy1">=</span> d</span></span>, which is parsed in C++ as <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">e <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">(</span>a <span class="sy1">&lt;</span> d<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy4">?</span> <span class="br0">(</span>a<span class="sy2">++</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy4">:</span> <span class="br0">(</span>a <span class="sy1">=</span> d<span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">)</span></span></span>, will fail to compile in C due to grammatical or semantic constraints in C. See the corresponding C page for details.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h3>
<table class="wikitable">

<tr style="text-align:center">
<th colspan="7"> Common operators
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center">
<td> <a href="operator_assignment.html" title="cpp/language/operator assignment"> assignment</a>
</td>
<td> <a href="operator_incdec.html" title="cpp/language/operator incdec"> increment<br>decrement</a>
</td>
<td> <a href="operator_arithmetic.html" title="cpp/language/operator arithmetic"> arithmetic</a>
</td>
<td> <a href="operator_logical.html" title="cpp/language/operator logical"> logical</a>
</td>
<td> <a href="operator_comparison.html" title="cpp/language/operator comparison"> comparison</a>
</td>
<td> <a href="operator_member_access.html" title="cpp/language/operator member access"> member<br>access</a>
</td>
<td> <a href="operator_other.html" title="cpp/language/operator other"> other</a>
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center">
<td>
<p><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">a <span class="sy1">=</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy2">+</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy2">-</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy2">*</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy2">/</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy2">%</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy3">&amp;</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy3">|</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy3">^</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;=</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy1">&gt;&gt;=</span> b</span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="sy2">++</span>a<br>
<span class="sy2">--</span>a<br>
a<span class="sy2">++</span><br>
a<span class="sy2">--</span></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="sy2">+</span>a<br>
<span class="sy2">-</span>a<br>
a <span class="sy2">+</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy2">-</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy2">*</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy2">/</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy2">%</span> b<br>
~a<br>
a <span class="sy3">&amp;</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy3">|</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy3">^</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy1">&lt;&lt;</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy1">&gt;&gt;</span> b</span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="sy3">!</span>a<br>
a <span class="sy3">&amp;&amp;</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy3">||</span> b</span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">a <span class="sy1">==</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy3">!</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy1">&lt;</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy1">&gt;</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy1">&lt;=</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy1">&gt;=</span> b<br>
a <span class="sy1">&lt;=&gt;</span> b</span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">a<span class="br0">[</span>b<span class="br0">]</span><br>
<span class="sy2">*</span>a<br>
<span class="sy3">&amp;</span>a<br>
a<span class="sy2">-</span><span class="sy1">&gt;</span>b<br>
a.<span class="me1">b</span><br>
a<span class="sy2">-</span><span class="sy1">&gt;</span><span class="sy2">*</span>b<br>
a.<span class="sy2">*</span>b</span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">a<span class="br0">(</span>...<span class="br0">)</span><br>
a, b<br>
a <span class="sy4">?</span> b <span class="sy4">:</span> c</span></span>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="7"> Special operators
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="7">
<p><a href="static_cast.html" title="cpp/language/static cast"><tt>static_cast</tt></a> converts one type to another related type <br>
<a href="dynamic_cast.html" title="cpp/language/dynamic cast"><tt>dynamic_cast</tt></a> converts within inheritance hierarchies <br>
<a href="const_cast.html" title="cpp/language/const cast"><tt>const_cast</tt></a> adds or removes <a href="cv.html" title="cpp/language/cv">cv</a> qualifiers<br>
<a href="reinterpret_cast.html" title="cpp/language/reinterpret cast"><tt>reinterpret_cast</tt></a> converts type to unrelated type<br>
<a href="explicit_cast.html" title="cpp/language/explicit cast">C-style cast</a> converts one type to another by a mix of <code>static_cast</code>, <code>const_cast</code>, and <code>reinterpret_cast</code> <br>
<a href="new.html" title="cpp/language/new"><tt>new</tt></a> creates objects with dynamic storage duration<br>
<a href="delete.html" title="cpp/language/delete"><tt>delete</tt></a> destructs objects previously created by the new expression and releases obtained memory area<br>
<a href="sizeof.html" title="cpp/language/sizeof"><tt>sizeof</tt></a> queries the size of a type<br>
<a href="sizeof....html" title="cpp/language/sizeof..."><tt>sizeof...</tt></a> queries the size of a <a href="parameter_pack.html" title="cpp/language/parameter pack">parameter pack</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span><br>
<a href="typeid.html" title="cpp/language/typeid"><tt>typeid</tt></a> queries the type information of a type<br>
<a href="noexcept.html" title="cpp/language/noexcept"><tt>noexcept</tt></a> checks if an expression can throw an exception <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span><br>
<a href="alignof.html" title="cpp/language/alignof"><tt>alignof</tt></a> queries alignment requirements of a type <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span>
</p>
</td></tr></table>
<table class="t-dsc-begin">

</table>

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